POST 00301 : VACCINE FREEZING: REFERENCES

Post00301 VACCINE FREEZING: REFERENCES 28 November 2000 CONTENTS 1. VACCINE FREEZING: REFERENCES This list of reference documents on vaccine freezing was kindly posted by Debbie Kristensen, PATH. The problem of vaccine freezing has been around since the earliest days of the Expanded Program on Immunization. This list of references is not complete, and does not include the Technet'96 discussion paper on vaccine freezing in colder climates by a number of us. See the Technet ftp site: ftp://ftp.acithn.uq.edu.au/technet/1-ClickHereForTECHNETfiles/ and click on the folder: VAX-Freeze * There are probably other reports and data available with many of our colleagues in the field! Please add to the list of references! Contributions, comments and additions please: [[email protected]][email protected][/email] or use your reply button ___________________________________________________________________________ From: "Kristensen, Debra" To: "'Allan Bass'" Subject: RE: Freezing vax in 1996 Date: Fri, 27 Oct 2000 Dear Allan: I am enclosing the list of references. We extracted it from the interactive database, so it isn't formatted nicely. But, better to throw it out there now so that it can be used. Cold chain analysis, training, and temperature monitoring (using whatever means are available) are probably the keys to this hidden problem. A magic, global solution is unlikely; we are not going to see a freeze indicator integrated with a VVM in the near future. I think that this issue needs to be tackled on a country-by-country basis. All the best, Debbie p.s. We have a new, updated database (54 references) on the risks of freezing vaccines. ____________________________________*______________________________________ 1. .Technical network for logistics in health (Technet). Wkly Epidemiol Rec 1999;74:129-35. 2. National guidelines for vaccine storage and transportation. Laboratory Centre for Disease Control [comment]. Can Fam Physician 1995;41:1221-2. 3. Towards the elimination of hepatitis B: A guide to the implementation of national immunization programs.. International Confernece on The Control of Hepatitis B in the Developing World 1991:1-3. 4. Correct use of refrigerators for vaccine storage. Prescrire Int 1998;7 EM - 199812:29. 5. Expanded programme on immunization. Stability of oral polio vaccine after repeated freezing and thawing. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 1990;65:207-10. 6. Solar energy and rural health care. Indian Pediatr 1997;33:883-5. 7. Technical network for logistics in health (Technet). Wkly Epidemiol Rec 1999;74:129-35. 8. The effects of freezing on the appearance, potency, and toxicity of adsorbed and unadsorbed DPT vaccines. Weekly Epidemiological Record 1980; 55:385-92. 9. Abeysinghe C. EPI vaccine storage and power cuts [letter; comment]. Ceylon Med J 1998;43:47-8. 10. Bachani D, Bansal RD. Logistics management in Universal Immunisation Programme. Indian J Public Health 1992;34:179-84. 11. Bass A. Trip notes: Visit to Al Hillah, retrospective investigation of 8 NNT deaths, estimated 80% of TT and DPT stocks at district and facility level found frozen or failed the shake test. 12. Battersby. Personal Correspondence. September 12, 1997. 13. Beauchamp J, Mansoor O. Temperature and the storage of vaccines.. New Zealand Medical Journal 1992;April 8:135. 14. Benade JG. Vaccine storage, transportation and handling [letter]. S Afr Med J 1994;84:229. 15. Bishai DM, Bhatt S, Miller LT, Hayden GF. Vaccine storage practices in pediatric offices. Pediatrics 1992;89:193-6. 16. Carrasco P, Herrera C, Rancruel D, Rosillo M. Protecting vaccines from freezing in extremely cold environments. Can Commun Dis Rep 1995;21:97-101. 17. Carrasco R, Dinstrans R, Montaldo I, Medina E, Reyes M, Vergara I, Piwonka A, Thomas ER. The cold chain and the expanded program on immunization in Chile: an evaluation exercise. Bull Pan Am Health Organ 1983;16:261-71. 18. Deasy T. Upgrading Cold Chain Equipment in Ontario Health Departments: an Initiative to Reduce Vaccine Waste. Update: Vaccine-Preventable Disease 1998;6:4-6. 19. Dietz V, Galazka A, van Loon F, Cochi S. Factors affecting the immunogenicity and potency of tetanus toxoid: implications for the elimination of neonatal and non-neonatal tetanus as public health problems. Bull World Health Organ 1997;75:81-93. 20. Dimayuga R, Scheifele D, Bell A. Effects of freezing on DPT and DPT-IPV vaccines, adsorbed. Can Commun Dis Rep 1995;21:101-3. 21. Finnegan P, Howell F. Storage and handling of vaccines by family doctors [see comments]. Ir Med J 1996;89:64-, 68. 22. Galazka A, Milstien A, Zaffran M. Thermostability of vaccines 1998. 23. Gold MS, Martin L, Nayda CL, Kempe AE. Electronic temperature monitoring and feedback to correct adverse vaccine storage in general practice [see comments]. Med J Aust 1999;171:83-4. 24. Grasso M, Ripabelli G, Sammarco ML, Manfredi Selvaggi TM, Quaranta A. Vaccine storage in the community: a study in central Italy. Bull World Health Organ 1999;77:352-5. 25. Guthridge SL, Miller NC. Cold chain in a hot climate. Aust N Z J Public Health 1997;20:657-0. 26. Hanjeet K, Lye MS, Sinniah M, Schnur A. Evaluation of cold chain monitoring in Kelantan, Malaysia. Bull World Health Organ 1996;74:391-7. 27. Howell JD, Kirby NG. The storage of tetanus vaccine in accident and emergency departments: a postal survey. Arch Emerg Med 1994;10:331-5. 28. Hunter S. Storage of vaccines in general practice. BMJ 1989;299:661-2. 29. Ion-Nedelcu NM, G.. Diptheria Outbreak Control in Moldova Republic 1995. 30. Jeremijenko A, Kelly H, Sibthorpe B, Attewell R. Improving vaccine storage in general practice refrigerators. BMJ 1996;312:1651-2. 31. John TJ. Vaccine stability in the context of vaccine delivery in a developing country: India. Dev Biol Stand 1997;87:19-25. 32. Kendal AP, Snyder R, Garrison PJ. Validation of cold chain procedures suitable for distribution of vaccines by public health programs in the USA. Vaccine 1997;15:1459-65. 33. Klotz SA, Normand R, Silberman R. Hepatitis B vaccine in healthy hospital employees. Infect Control 1986;7:365-9. 34. Liddle JL, Harris MF. How general practitioners store vaccines. A survey in south-western Sydney. Med J Aust 1995;162:366-8. 35. Lloyd JS. Monitoring vaccine storage temperatures. WHO Chron 1981;35: 51. 36. Lugosi L, Battersby A. Transport and storage of vaccines in Hungary: the first cold chain monitor study in Europe. Bull World Health Organ 1990; 68:431-9. 37. Menon PS, Sahai G, Joshi VB, Murthy RG, Boparai MS, Thomas AK. Field trial on frozen and thawed tetanus toxoid. Indian J Med Res 1976;64:25-32. 38. Milhomme P. Cold chain study: danger of freezing vaccines. Can Commun Dis Rep 1993;19:33-8. 39. Miller NC, Harris MF. Are childhood immunization programmes in Australia at risk? Investigation of the cold chain in the Northern Territory. Bull World Health Organ 1994;72:401-8. 40. Oliveira SA, Loureiro ML, Kiffer CR, Maduro LM. Re-evaluation of the basic procedures involved in the storage of measles vaccine in public health units of the municipality of Niteroi, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 1994;26:145-9. 41. Oncel S, Dallar Y, Tanyer G. Evaluation of vaccine storage in Turkey [letter]. World Health Forum 1996;17:287-9. 42. Pai HH, Ko YC. Vaccine storage practices in primary care physicians' offices in Taiwan. Kao Hsiung I Hsueh Ko Hsueh Tsa Chih 1999;15:274-9. 43. Paul Y, John TJ. Storage temperatures for vaccines. Indian Pediatr 1998;35:173; discussion 173-4. 44. Pott J. The benefits and effects of using electronic temperature recorders with vaccines and other temperature sensitive products during transportation and storage. 1996. 45. Quintanal Ruiz P, Gonzalez de AlLA. [The checking of the vial-shaking test for the detection of the freezing of toxoid-based vaccines (letter)]. Aten Primaria 1999;23:446-7. 46. Reimer RF, Lewis PR. Vaccine storage in pharmacies on the Central Coast of New South Wales. Aust N Z J Public Health 1998;22:274-5. 47. Senanayake MP, de Silva TU. Vaccine storage conditions in clinics in Colombo [see comments]. Ceylon Med J 1998;42:173-5. 48. Steinglass R, Hasselblad C, Larsen G, Bass A, Clay R. Cold chain deficiencies in Central Asian Republics [letter; comment]. Lancet 1992;340: 242. 49. Thakker Y, Woods S. Storage of vaccines in the community: weak link in the cold chain? [see comments]. BMJ 1992;304:756-8. 50. WHO. Tests of the freezing point of vaccines. EPI Cold Chain Newsletter 1990;90:4-5. 51. WHO. TT vaccine--safer out of the cold chain?. EPI Cold Chain Newsletter 1990. 52. Wawryk A, Mavromatis C, M. G. Electronic monitoring of vaccine cold chain in a metropolitan area. BMJ 1997;315:518. 53. Woodyard E, Woodyard L, Alto WA. Vaccine storage in the physician's office: a community study. J Am Board Fam Pract 1995;8:91-4. 54. Yuan L, Daniels S, Naus M, Brcic B. Vaccine storage and handling. Knowledge and practice in primary care physicians' offices [see comments]. Can Fam Physician 1995;41:1169-76.