Vaccination coverage surveys - technical resources

M. Carolina Danovaro

The primary objective of a vaccination coverage survey is to provide a coverage estimate for selected vaccines. This page provides a list of documents related to the design, implementation, analysis, and reporting of vaccination coverage surveys. The documents have been organized into the categories below and are provided here to assist in conducting an effective vaccination coverage survey.

This page was created and is maintained by the WHO Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) Strategic Information Group. Much of this material was brought together at the "WHO Tools and Guidance on Immunization Data Quality and Vaccination Coverage Survey" meeting, which took place in Istanbul, Turkey in December 2015. For more information on this meeting, click here. To access the meeting report, click here.

Practical guidance to do a vaccination coverage survey

This collection contains a series of presentations outlining the basic steps of a vaccination coverage survey, as well as some presentations on commonly asked questions and variations on a coverage survey. The collection also can be found in the TechNet Resource Library:

Coverage & equity and Decision-making

TitleAuthorYearTypeLanguage
Coverage survey variationsWorld Health Organization (WHO)2015PresentationEnglish
FAQ presentationWorld Health Organization (WHO)2015PresentationEnglish
Methods used for monitoringWorld Health Organization (WHO)2015PresentationEnglish
Practical Guidance: 17 Steps to do a Coverage SurveyWorld Health Organization (WHO)2018GuidanceEnglish
Step 1, 2, & 3 presentationWorld Health Organization (WHO)2015PresentationEnglish
Step 10, 11, & 12 presentationWorld Health Organization (WHO)2015PresentationEnglish
Step 13 presentationWorld Health Organization (WHO)2015PresentationEnglish
Step 14 presentationWorld Health Organization (WHO)2015PresentationEnglish
Step 15 & 16 presentationWorld Health Organization (WHO)2015PresentationEnglish
Step 17 presentationWorld Health Organization (WHO)2015PresentationEnglish
Step 4, 5, & 6 presentationWorld Health Organization (WHO)2015PresentationEnglish
Step 7, 8, & 9 presentationWorld Health Organization (WHO)2015PresentationEnglish

 

Analytic plan

This collection includes documents to assist with the development of an analytic plan for vaccination coverage survey data. The collection also can be found in the TechNet Resource Library:

Coverage & equity and Decision-making

TitleAuthorYearTypeLanguage
Analytic DefinitionsWorld Health Organization (WHO)2016GuidanceEnglish
Definitions of TimelinessWorld Health Organization (WHO)2016GuidanceEnglish
Suggested AnalysesWorld Health Organization (WHO)2016GuidanceEnglish

Budget examples

This collection includes documents to assist with the development of a budget for a vaccination coverage survey. The collection also can be found in the TechNet Resource Library:

Coverage & equity and Decision-making

TitleAuthorYearTypeLanguage
Budget ExampleGuidanceEnglish
DHS Budget ExampleDHSGuidanceEnglish
DHS Budget TemplateDHSGuidanceEnglish
MICS Budget TemplateMICSGuidanceEnglish
WHO Cluster Survey Budget TemplateWorld Health Organization (WHO)2015GuidanceEnglish

Report outline

This collection contains an outline for developing a report for a vaccination coverage survey. The collection also can be found in the TechNet Resource Library:

Coverage & equity and Decision-making

TitleAuthorYearTypeLanguage
Vaccination Coverage Survey Report outlineWorld Health Organization (WHO)2016GuidanceEnglish

Request for proposal templates

This collection contains several examples of request for proposals. The collection also can be found in the TechNet Resource Library:

Coverage & equity and Decision-making

TitleAuthorYearTypeLanguage
Request For Proposal - ConfidentialityWorld Health Organization (WHO)GuidanceEnglish
Request For Proposal Template - 50k+World Health Organization (WHO)GuidanceEnglish
Request For Proposal Template - less than 50kWorld Health Organization (WHO)GuidanceEnglish

Sample terms of reference and profiles

This collection contains several sample terms of reference for positions such as survey coordinator and interviewers. The collection also can be found in the TechNet Resource Library:

Coverage & equity and Decision-making

Survey forms and tools

This collection contains useful documents for carrying out a vaccination coverage survey, including sample surveys, sample log sheets, a project timeline, and equipment lists. The collection also can be found in the TechNet Resource Library:

Coverage & equity and Decision-making

TitleAuthorYearTypeLanguage
Sample consent form - HaitiMOH - CDC - IHE2012GuidanceEnglish
Sample Equipment List - DHSDHSGuidanceEnglish
Sample household log sheet - HaitiMOH - CDC - IHE2012GuidanceEnglish
Sample MR coverage log - HaitiMOH - CDC - IHE2012GuidanceEnglish
Sample questionnaire - BoliviaMOH-PODEMA-PAHO2013GuidanceEnglish
Sample questionnaire - HaitiMOH - CDC - IHE2012GuidanceEnglish
Sample Recruitment Log - HaitiMOH - CDC - IHE2012GuidanceEnglish
Sample timeline (1) - HaitiMOH - CDC - IHE2012GuidanceEnglish
Sample timeline (2) - HaitiMOH - CDC - IHE2012GuidanceEnglish

Vaccination card picture management

This collection contains information on the protocol for collecting and managing vaccination card pictures. The collection also can be found in the TechNet Resource Library:

Coverage & equity and Decision-making

TitleAuthorYearTypeLanguage
Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) - Vaccination Card Picture ManagementWorld Health Organization (WHO)2016GuidanceEnglish

Current WHO reference manuals

This collection contains current WHO reference manuals on vaccination coverage surveys. The collection also can be found in the TechNet Resource Library:

Coverage & equity and Decision-making

TitleAuthorYearTypeLanguage
WHO Vaccination Coverage Cluster Surveys reference manual 2015World Health Organization (WHO)2015GuidanceEnglish
WHO vaccination coverage cluster surveys reference manual briefing noteWorld Health Organization (WHO)2015GuidanceEnglish
WHO vaccination coverage cluster surveys reference manual presentationWorld Health Organization (WHO)2015PresentationEnglish
WHO Vaccination Coverage Cluster Surveys: Reference ManualWorld Health Organization (WHO)2018GuidanceEnglish

Other WHO reference manuals

This collection contains various WHO reference manuals related to vaccination coverage surveys. The collection also can be found in the TechNet Resource Library:

Coverage & equity and Decision-making

TitleAuthorYearTypeLanguage
WHO Hep B immunization surveys reference manual 2012World Health Organization (WHO)2012GuidanceEnglish
WHO immunization coverage cluster survey reference manual 2005World Health Organization (WHO)2012GuidanceEnglish
WHO vaccination coverage using clustered LQA field manual 2012World Health Organization (WHO)2012GuidanceEnglish

DHS training manuals

This collection contains documents to assist with the training of multiple members within a vaccination coverage survey team. The collection also can be found in the TechNet Resource Library:

Coverage & equity and Decision-making

Coverage survey publications

This collection contains several publications on vaccination coverage surveys from various regions and countries. The collection also can be found in the TechNet Resource Library:

Coverage & equity and Decision-making

TitleAuthorYearTypeLanguage
2005-06 and 2011-12 Honduras Demographic and Health Survey Analysis of Vaccination Timeliness, Co-administration and Factors Associated with Vaccination Status - Draft Report of FindingsCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)2014Case studyEnglish
A computer simulation of household sampling schemes for health surveys in developing countriesA. Radalowicz, A. Tomkins, S. Bennett, V. VellaJournal articleEnglish
An Assessment of the Quality of National Child Immunization Coverage Estimates in Population-based SurveysBrown2002Journal articleEnglish
Ascertainment of childhood vaccination histories in northern Malawi.A. C. Crampin, A. Jahn, A. Katsulukuta, A. Khunga, D. Mwagomba, J. Mwafilaso, K. Branson, N. McGrath, P. E. M. Fine, R. E. Mkisi, S. Floyd, V. MwinukaJournal articleEnglish
Assessment of neonatal tetanus elimination in an African setting by lot quality assurance cluster sampling (LQA-CS)B. Cotter, E. Mabuzane, F. Shirehwa, G. Stroh, K. Msambichaka, M. Birmingham, M. Munyoro, R. Biellik, V. BremerJournal articleEnglish
Assessment of vaccine coverage by 30 cluster sampling technique in rural Gandhinagar, GujaratSheth2012Journal articleEnglish
Catching-up with pentavalent vaccine: Exploring reasons behind lower rotavirus vaccine coverage in El Salvador.Suarez-Casteneda2015Journal articleEnglish
Cluster sampling to assess immunization coverage: a review of experience with a simplified sampling method.R. H. Henderson, T. SundaresanJournal articleEnglish
Cluster-sample surveys and lot quality assurance sampling to evaluate yellow fever immunisation coverage following a national campaign, Bolivia, 2007.Pezzoli2009Journal articleEnglish
Comparison of two cluster sampling methods for health surveys in developing countriesAlpha Njie, Paul Milligan, Steve BennettJournal articleEnglish
Comparison of two survey methodologies to assess vaccination coverage.Alemayehu Worku, Elizabeth T. Luman, Lisa Cairns, Rebecca Martin, Yemane BerhaneJournal articleEnglish
Don't spin the pen: two alternative methods for second-stage sampling in urban cluster surveysAngela M. C. Rose, Jean-Paul Guthmann , Rebecca F. GraisJournal articleEnglish
Estimating vaccination coverage: validity of household-retained vaccination cards and parental recallElizabeth T. Luman, Mariana Sablan, Tove K. RymanJournal articleEnglish
From Agadez to Zinder: estimating coverage of the MenAfriVac™ conjugate vaccine against meningococcal serogroup A in Niger, September 2010 - January 2012.Aboubacar Adakal, Aboubacar Issoufou, Harouna Yacouba, Ibrahim Chaibou, Ide Hinsa, Idrissa Maiga, Lorenzo Pezzoli, Nam Seon Beck, Saverio Caini, Sung Hye KimJournal articleEnglish
Immunization coverage and its determinants among children born in 2008-2009 by questionnaire survey in Zhejiang, ChinaEnfu Chen, Qian Li, Xiaohua Qi, Yaping Chen, Yu HuJournal articleEnglish
Impact of methodological "shortcuts" in conducting public health surveys: Results from a vaccination coverage surveyElizabeth T. Luman, Kate M. Shaw, Mariana Sablan, Mary M. McCauley, Shannon StokleyJournal articleEnglish
Maternal recall error of child vaccination status in a developing nation.Joseph J. Valadez, Leisa H. WeldJournal articleEnglish
Measles and rubella vaccination coverage in Haiti, 2012: progress towards verifying and challenges to maintaining measles and rubella elimination.Tohme2014Journal articleEnglish
PAHO Newsletter 2014 (Honduras)Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)2014Journal articleEnglish
Performance of small cluster surveys and the clustered LQAS design to estimate local-level vaccination coverage in Mali.Albouhary Touré, Andrea Minetti, Aurore Taconet, Fabienne Nackers, Florence Fermon, Francesco Checchi, Johanne Sekkenes, Margarita Riera-Montes, Marie Hortense Koudika, Rebecca F. Grais, Thomas RoedererJournal articleEnglish
Potential for improving age-appropriate vaccination coverage by maximizing the 18-month well-child visit.Shimabukuro2007Journal articleEnglish
Publication: Diaz-OVaccination coverage in children and adolescents in Mexico: vaccinated, under vaccinated and non vaccinatedAirain Alejandra Montoya-Rodríguez, Belem Trejo-Valdivia, Elizabeth Ferreira-Guerrero, José Luis Díaz-Ortega, Leticia Ferreyra-Reyes, Lourdes García-García, María Hernández-Serrato, Martha María Téllez-RojoJournal articleSpanish
Ranking states' immunization coverage: an example from the National Immunization Survey.Elizabeth T. Luman, Lawrence E. Barker, Mary M. McCauley, Philip J. Smith, Robert B. Gerzoff, Tara W. Strine2005Journal articleEnglish
Routine childhood vaccination programme coverage, El Salvador, 2011-In search of timeliness.Suarez-Castaneda2014Journal articleEnglish
Socioeconomic inequalities and vaccination coverage: results of an immunisation coverage survey in 27 Brazilian capitals, 2007-2008.Brendan Flannery, José Cássio de Moraes, Manoel Carlos Sampaio de Almeida Ribeiro, Rita Barradas BarataJournal articleEnglish
Surveys of measles vaccination coverage in eastern and southern Africa: a review of quality and methods usedBalcha G. Masresha, Emelda Dzeka, Fussum Daniel, Jethro M. Chakauya, Messeret E. Shibeshi, Nestor Shivute, Reinhard KaiserJournal articleEnglish
The accuracy of mother's reports about their children's vaccination status.B. P. Loevinsohn, E. T. GareaballahJournal articleEnglish
The accuracy of mothers' reports of child vaccination: evidence from rural EgyptKenneth Hill, Ray LangstenJournal articleEnglish
Vaccination coverage in Haiti: results from the 2009 national survey.Rainey2012Journal articleEnglish
Vaccination coverage of children aged 12-23 months in Gaziantep, Turkey: comparative results of two studies carried out by lot quality technique: what changed after family medicine?Birgul Ozcirpici, Ferhat Coskun, Hakan Tuzun, Neriman Aydin, Servet OzgurJournal articleEnglish
Vaccination coverage of health care personnel working in health care facilities in France: results of a national survey, 2009.Céline Ciotti, Daniel Levy-Bruhl, Dominique Abiteboul, Elisabeth Bouvet, Gérard Pellissier, Jean-Paul Guthmann , Laure FonteneauJournal articleEnglish
Vaccination visits in early childhood: just one more visit to be fully vaccinatedDanni Daniels, Elizabeth T. Luman, R. Monina Klevens, Shannon StokleyJournal articleEnglish
Vaccination Week in the Americas, 2011: an opportunity to assess the routine vaccination program in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.Sanchez2015Journal articleEnglish
Validity of reported vaccination coverage in 45 countries.Christopher J. L. Murray, Bakhuti Shengelia, Neeru Gupta, Saba Moussavi, Ajay Tandon, Michel Thieren2003Journal articleEnglish
Varicella vaccine uptake in Shandong Province, ChinaAiqiang Xu, Chengbin Wang, Qing Xu, Stephanie Bialek, Xueqiang Fang2012Journal articleEnglish
Whom and where are we not vaccinating? Coverage after the introduction of a new conjugate vaccine against group A meningococcus in Niger in 2010.Harouna Yacouba, Lorenzo Pezzoli, Mamoudou H. Djingarey, Sung Hye Kim, Thomas F Wierzba, Tiekoura Coulibaly, William A. PereaJournal articleEnglish
Yellow fever vaccination coverage following massive emergency immunization campaigns in rural Uganda, May 2011: a community cluster surveyElizeus Rutebemberwa, Issa Makumbi, James Bagonza, Malimbo Mugaga, Nathan TumuhamyeJournal articleEnglish

Methodological publications

This collection contains several technical and methodological publications on vaccination coverage surveys. The collection also can be found in the TechNet Resource Library:

Coverage & equity and Decision-making

TitleAuthorYearTypeLanguage
A computer simulation of the EPI survey strategy.Alexandre G. Tserkovnyi, Jacobus Keja, James Leonard Tulloch, John E. Dowd, Stanley Lemeshow, Steven K. LwangaJournal articleEnglish
A not quite as quick but much cleaner alternative to the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) Cluster Survey design.Anthony G. Turner , Muhammad Shuaib, Robert J. MagnaniJournal articleEnglish
Assessing and monitoring vaccination coverage levels: lessons from the Americas.Edgar Monterroso, Elizabeth R Zell, George Stroh, Gina Tambini, Héctor Izurieta, Linda Venczel, Vance Dietz2004Journal articleEnglish
Assessing equivalence: an alternative to the use of difference tests for measuring disparities in vaccination coverage.Elizabeth T. Luman, Lawrence E. Barker, Mary M. McCauley, Susan Y Chu2002Journal articleEnglish
Choosing a Cluster Sampling Design for Lot Quality Assurance Sampling SurveysEdward J. Bedrick, Lauren Hund, Marcello PaganoJournal articleEnglish
Cluster Lot Quality Assurance Sampling: Effect of Increasing the Number of Clusters on Classification Precision and Operational FeasibilityRoland W. Sutter, Steven G. F. Wassilak, Pascal Mkanda, Marina Takane, Alex N. Gasasira, Michael M. Nzioki, Alexandra E. Brown, Hiromasa OkayasuJournal articleEnglish
Comments on ‘‘Monitoring vaccination coverage: Defining the role of surveys”Robert Pond, Sandra Mounier-JackJournal articleEnglish
Consultancy services for conducting an evaluation of immunisation coverage monitoring methodology and processWolfgang Weber, Xavier Bosch-CapblanchGuidanceEnglish
Does adjusting for recall in trend analysis affect coverage estimates for maternal and child health indicators? An analysis of DHS and MICS survey dataDonela Besada, Nicholas P. Oliphant, Nobubelo K. Ngandu, Samuel Manda, Sarah Rohde, Tanya DohertyJournal articleEnglish
Effectiveness of Using Mobile Phone Image Capture for Collecting Secondary Data: A Case Study on Immunization History Data Among Children in Remote Areas of ThailandAmnat Khamsiriwatchara, Jaranit Kaewkungwal, Kasemsak Jandee, Peerawat Wansatid, Saranath Lawpoolsri, Waranya Wongwit2015Journal articleEnglish
Evaluating Confidence Interval Methods for Binomial Proportions in Clustered SurveysMarcello Pagano, Natalie DeanJournal articleEnglish
Immunization Coverage Surveys and Linked Biomarker Serosurveys in Three Regions in Ethiopia Jaya Goswami, Amha Kebede, Berhane Beyene, Inna Ruslanova, James D Campbell, Jenny Sequeira, Lisa Oot, Marcela F. Pasetti, Mardi Reymann, Mark A Travassos, Myron M Levine, Nigisti Mulholland, Robert Steinglass, Samba O Sow, Seydou S Diarra, Tassew Kassa, William C. Blackwelder, Yukun Wu, Zenaw AdamJournal articleEnglish
Issues and considerations in the use of serologic biomarkers for classifying vaccination history in household surveysAdam MacNeil, Chung-won Lee, Vance Dietz1960Journal articleEnglish
Lot Quality Assurance Sampling to Monitor Supplemental Immunization Activity Quality: An Essential Tool for Improving Performance in Polio Endemic CountriesAlexandra E. Brown, Arshad Quddus, George Walker, Guillaume Chabot-Couture, Hiromasa Okayasu, Michael M. Nzioki, Mufti Z. Wadood, Roland W. SutterJournal articleEnglish
LQAS: User BewareDale A. Rhoda, David J. Fitch, Soledad A. Fernandez, Stanley LemeshowJournal articleEnglish
Measurement of immunisation coverageJean-Marie Okwo-Bele, Maryanne Neil, Peter Salama, Tessa Wardlaw, Tony BurtonJournal articleEnglish
Measuring Coverage in MNCH: A Validation Study Linking Population Survey Derived Coverage to Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Care Records in Rural ChinaBiqin Tan, Harry Campbell, Jennifer Bryce, Li Liu, Li Yang, Lirong Ju, Mengying Li, Neff Walker, Robert E. Black, Yan Guo2013Journal articleEnglish
Measuring coverage in MNCH: total survey error and the interpretation of intervention coverage estimates from household surveys.Aluisio J D Barros, Dale A. Rhoda, Felicity T Cutts, Fred Arnold, Joseph Keating, Ruilin Ren, Thomas P. EiseleJournal articleEnglish
Measuring Coverage in MNCH: Tracking Progress in Health for Women and Children Using DHS and MICS Household SurveysAttila Hancioglu, Fred ArnoldJournal articleEnglish
Measuring populations to improve vaccination coverageAli Djibo, Andrew J. Tatem, Bryan T. Grenfell, Matthew J. Ferrari, Nita Bharti2016Journal articleEnglish
Measuring the performance of vaccination programs using cross-sectional surveys: a likelihood framework and retrospective analysis.Bryan T. Grenfell, C. Jessica E. Metcalf, Derek A. T. Cummings, Francisco J. Luquero, Justin Lessler, Rebecca F. GraisJournal articleEnglish
Monitoring vaccination coverage: Defining the role of surveysDale A. Rhoda, Felicity T Cutts, M. Carolina Danovaro-Holliday, Pierre ClaquinJournal articleEnglish
Reply to comments on Monitoring vaccination coverage: Defining the role of surveys.Dale A. Rhoda, Felicity T Cutts, M. Carolina Danovaro-Holliday, Pierre ClaquinJournal articleEnglish
Seroepidemiology: an underused tool for designing and monitoring vaccination programmes in low- and middleincome countriesFelicity T Cutts, Matt HansonJournal articleEnglish
Use and abuse of rapid monitoring to assess coverage during mass vaccination campaigns.Elizabeth T. Luman, K. Lisa Cairns, Robert Perry, Vance DietzGuidanceEnglish
Validity of reported vaccination coverage in 45 countries.Christopher J. L. Murray, Bakhuti Shengelia, Neeru Gupta, Saba Moussavi, Ajay Tandon, Michel Thieren2003Journal articleEnglish
Validity of vaccination cards and parental recall to estimate vaccination coverage: a systematic review of the literature.Elizabeth T. Luman, Elizabeth Zell, Melody Miles, Tove K. Ryman, Vance DietzJournal articleEnglish